El pez de abril (en francés, poisson d'avril) es el nombre que recibe en Francia una fiesta celebrada cada 1 de abril desde 1564 o, al menos, eso es lo que dice la leyenda.
En realidad, se han ofrecido muchas diferentes explicaciones acerca de esta celebración, sin embargo la idea de que las bromas que acompañan esta fecha comenzaron durante el reinado de Carlos IX de Francia parece ser la más convincente.
A mediados del siglo XVI en toda Francia las celebraciones de Año Nuevo comenzaban el 25 de marzo y terminaban una semana después, el 1 de abril. En 1564, por medio del decreto de Roussillon, el rey decretó la adopción del calendario gregoriano y el Año Nuevo se trasladó al 1 de enero. La leyenda sugiere que muchos franceses opuestos al cambio o que simplemente lo olvidaron siguieron intercambiando regalos y festejando en la semana que concluía el 1 de abril. Los bromistas decidieron ridiculizarlos entregando regalos absurdos y convidando a fiestas inexistentes, y así nació la tradición de hacer bromas el primer día de abril.
El nombre pez de abril, que recibe la víctima de las bromas, está relacionado con el zodiaco: todo acontecimiento que acaecía en esa fecha era relacionado con el hecho de que el Sol abandonaba la constelación de Piscis. Napoleón I fue llamado "pez de abril" cuando se casó con María Luisa de Austria un 1 de abril.
La tradición se propagó luego a Italia con el mismo nombre (en italiano, pesce d'aprile). Posteriormente se expandió aún más, hasta llegar a los Estados Unidos unos doscientos años después, a través de los ingleses que lo llaman el día de tontos de abril (en inglés, April fools' day). Los alemanes tienen su "Aprilscherz", los brasileños su "día da mentira" esa misma fecha, y los escoceses llaman a la víctima de las bromas "gowk" (cucú).
En España y algunos países de América latina existe una tradición similar, celebrada el 28 de diciembre, el día de los Santos Inocentes, una celebración que mezcla ritos paganos con el relato bíblico de la masacre llevada a cabo por Herodes.
..................................En realidad, se han ofrecido muchas diferentes explicaciones acerca de esta celebración, sin embargo la idea de que las bromas que acompañan esta fecha comenzaron durante el reinado de Carlos IX de Francia parece ser la más convincente.
A mediados del siglo XVI en toda Francia las celebraciones de Año Nuevo comenzaban el 25 de marzo y terminaban una semana después, el 1 de abril. En 1564, por medio del decreto de Roussillon, el rey decretó la adopción del calendario gregoriano y el Año Nuevo se trasladó al 1 de enero. La leyenda sugiere que muchos franceses opuestos al cambio o que simplemente lo olvidaron siguieron intercambiando regalos y festejando en la semana que concluía el 1 de abril. Los bromistas decidieron ridiculizarlos entregando regalos absurdos y convidando a fiestas inexistentes, y así nació la tradición de hacer bromas el primer día de abril.
El nombre pez de abril, que recibe la víctima de las bromas, está relacionado con el zodiaco: todo acontecimiento que acaecía en esa fecha era relacionado con el hecho de que el Sol abandonaba la constelación de Piscis. Napoleón I fue llamado "pez de abril" cuando se casó con María Luisa de Austria un 1 de abril.
La tradición se propagó luego a Italia con el mismo nombre (en italiano, pesce d'aprile). Posteriormente se expandió aún más, hasta llegar a los Estados Unidos unos doscientos años después, a través de los ingleses que lo llaman el día de tontos de abril (en inglés, April fools' day). Los alemanes tienen su "Aprilscherz", los brasileños su "día da mentira" esa misma fecha, y los escoceses llaman a la víctima de las bromas "gowk" (cucú).
En España y algunos países de América latina existe una tradición similar, celebrada el 28 de diciembre, el día de los Santos Inocentes, una celebración que mezcla ritos paganos con el relato bíblico de la masacre llevada a cabo por Herodes.
The origins of this custom are complex and a matter of much debate. It is likely a relic of the once common festivities held on the vernal equinox, which began on the 25th of March, old New Year's Day, and ended on the 2nd of April.
Though the 1st of April appears to have been observed as a general festival in Great Britain in antiquity, it was apparently not until the beginning of the 18th century that the making of April-fools was a common custom. In Scotland the custom was known as "hunting the gowk," i.e. the cuckoo, and April-fools were "April-gowks," the cuckoo being a term of contempt, as it is in many countries.
One of the earliest connections of the day with fools is Chaucer's story the Nun's Priest's Tale (c.1400), which concerns two fools and takes place "thritty dayes and two" from the beginning of March, which is April 1. The significance of this is difficult to determine.
Europe may have derived its April-fooling from the French.[1] French and Dutch references from 1508 and 1539 respectively describe April Fools' Day jokes and the custom of making them on the first of April. France was one of the first nations to make January 1 officially New Year's Day (which was already celebrated by many), by decree of Charles IX. This was in 1564, even before the 1582 adoption of the Gregorian calendar (See Julian start of the year). Thus the New Year's gifts and visits of felicitation which had been the feature of the 1st of April became associated with the first day of January, and those who disliked or did not hear about the change were fair game for those wits who amused themselves by sending mock presents and paying calls of pretended ceremony on the 1st of April. In France the person fooled is known as poisson d'avril (April fish). This has been explained as arising from the fact that in April the sun quits the zodiacal sign of the fish. The French traditionally celebrated this holiday by placing dead fish on the backs of friends. Today, real fish have been replaced with sticky, fish-shaped paper cut-outs that children try to sneak onto the back of their friends' shirts. Candy shops and bakeries also offer fish-shaped sweets for the holiday.
Some Dutch also celebrate the 1st of April for other reasons. In 1572, the Netherlands were ruled by Spain's King Philip II. Roaming the region were Dutch rebels who called themselves Geuzen, after the French "gueux," meaning beggars. On April 1, 1572, the Geuzen seized the small coastal town of Den Briel. This event was also the start of the general civil rising against the Spanish in other cities in the Netherlands. The Duke of Alba, commander of the Spanish army could not prevent the uprising. Bril is the Dutch word for glasses, so on April 1, 1572, "Alba lost his glasses." The Dutch commemorate this with humor on the first of April.
Though the 1st of April appears to have been observed as a general festival in Great Britain in antiquity, it was apparently not until the beginning of the 18th century that the making of April-fools was a common custom. In Scotland the custom was known as "hunting the gowk," i.e. the cuckoo, and April-fools were "April-gowks," the cuckoo being a term of contempt, as it is in many countries.
One of the earliest connections of the day with fools is Chaucer's story the Nun's Priest's Tale (c.1400), which concerns two fools and takes place "thritty dayes and two" from the beginning of March, which is April 1. The significance of this is difficult to determine.
Europe may have derived its April-fooling from the French.[1] French and Dutch references from 1508 and 1539 respectively describe April Fools' Day jokes and the custom of making them on the first of April. France was one of the first nations to make January 1 officially New Year's Day (which was already celebrated by many), by decree of Charles IX. This was in 1564, even before the 1582 adoption of the Gregorian calendar (See Julian start of the year). Thus the New Year's gifts and visits of felicitation which had been the feature of the 1st of April became associated with the first day of January, and those who disliked or did not hear about the change were fair game for those wits who amused themselves by sending mock presents and paying calls of pretended ceremony on the 1st of April. In France the person fooled is known as poisson d'avril (April fish). This has been explained as arising from the fact that in April the sun quits the zodiacal sign of the fish. The French traditionally celebrated this holiday by placing dead fish on the backs of friends. Today, real fish have been replaced with sticky, fish-shaped paper cut-outs that children try to sneak onto the back of their friends' shirts. Candy shops and bakeries also offer fish-shaped sweets for the holiday.
Some Dutch also celebrate the 1st of April for other reasons. In 1572, the Netherlands were ruled by Spain's King Philip II. Roaming the region were Dutch rebels who called themselves Geuzen, after the French "gueux," meaning beggars. On April 1, 1572, the Geuzen seized the small coastal town of Den Briel. This event was also the start of the general civil rising against the Spanish in other cities in the Netherlands. The Duke of Alba, commander of the Spanish army could not prevent the uprising. Bril is the Dutch word for glasses, so on April 1, 1572, "Alba lost his glasses." The Dutch commemorate this with humor on the first of April.
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